U.S. Geological Survey

Only about 26 percent of the global seafloor is mapped at high resolution, and USGS is charting the parts that may hold minerals.

A USGS study finds Arctic iron and manganese oxides formed from frictional heating along faults, not volcanic hydrothermal activity.

Scripps and USGS research maps how invertebrate communities differ on ferromanganese crusts versus phosphorites.

A study simulating Clarion-Clipperton Zone mining plumes found elevated copper that could pose a hazard to mesopelagic life.

USGS explains how Federal Fleet ship time supports its marine minerals, hazards and seafloor mapping work.

USGS returned to the Eastern Galapagos Spreading Center to study vents where massive sulfides may hold critical minerals.

A USGS literature review pulls together what is known about critical minerals off Alaska's coasts and deep seafloor.

Escanaba Trough is the only seafloor spreading center inside the U.S. EEZ, and its sulfides may hold critical minerals.

USGS, BOEM and NOAA ran a three-week expedition to Escanaba Trough with the ROV Jason and the AUV Sentry.

NOAA and USGS explored New England and Corner Rise seamounts, where thick ferromanganese crusts coat pillow lavas.